Stepped Footing in Foundation Plan Architectual Drawing

Appendices

Calculations to check whether a proposed site will support a building

If in that location is doubt whether the soil at a proposed site will back up a edifice (see page 18) information technology may be necessary to estimate both the weight of the planned building and the weight-bearing capacity of the soil. This section contains pace-by-step directions and tables for both these estimates.

Important Annotation: The weight of a planned building cannot be estimated until the builders have decided:

• its size and shape;

• what its walls will be fabricated of and how thick they volition be;

• what kind of roof information technology will take.

CALCULATING A BUILDING'S WEIGHT PER Foursquare METER

Several calculations must be made to estimate a edifice'due south weight per square meter. For the purposes of estimation, figure that:

Equation i.

Weight per square meter = [ weight of longest wall (kg) + weight of roof supported by longest wall (kg) ] / length of longest wall (one thousand)

To find the weight per square meter, therefore, the planner start needs to determine each of the three items on the right side of Equation 1. Follow these steps:

STEP ane. Enter the planned length of the longest wall in Equation ane:

Equation 1.

Pace ii. Summate the weight of the longest wall.

Equation one.

(a) Employ the following equation to make up one's mind the weight of the longest wall:

Equation 2

(b) Utilize Table A to detect the weight per sq. meter for every centimeter of wall thickness of the cloth with which the building's walls will be built.

Table A
wall material	kg/sq. meter per centimeter wall thickness
physical block	90
stabilized globe	125
sand-cement block	75
adobe	125
stone/rock	150

(c) Multiply the number you observe in Table A by the thickness of the edifice's walls. The issue will

be the weight of ane sq. meter of wall; enter it in the correct identify in Equation 2:

Equation 2

(d) Next, multiply the length of the longest wall in meters past its top. The respond will be the number of sq. meters in the wall. Enter this figure in the correct place in Equation

Equation 2

(e) Compute the weight of the longest wall based on the figures you have entered in Equation ii in steps 2(c) and two(d).

STEP iii. Estimate the weight of the roof supported past the longest wall.

Equation 1

(a) Use the following equation to estimate the weight of the roof supported past the longest wall:

Equation3

(b) Use Table eight to find the estimated weight of the roof per sq. meter. If you lot are in doubt about the roof-fashion planned, use the figure on the table for flat roofs. Enter the figure you detect in Tabular array B in Equation 3:

Table B
Roof style	Roof load per sq. grand
pitched	170 kg
flat	190 kg

Equation 3

Weight of roof supported past longest wall = weight of roof per sq. meter � number of sq. meters in roof

(c) Next, multiply the length of the roof past its width. If the roof has not been planned nonetheless, presume that it will be ane meter longer and ane meter wider than the edifice. The answer will be the number of foursquare meters in the roof. Enter this figure in the right identify in Equation 3:

Equation 3

(d) Compute the weight of roof supported by the longest wall using the figures you lot take entered in Equation iii in steps three(b) and 3(c).

Stride 4. Enter the figures you calculated in steps 1, ate), and 3(c) in Equation 1, and summate the weight of the building per foursquare meter:

Equation one

STEP five. Finally, compare the edifice'due south weight per square meter with the weight - bearing capacity of the soil at the site indicated in Tabular array C.

Table C
Type of soil	Weight-begetting capacity (kg/sq.m)
Soft, black, drained marsh, or "fill"	4,900 - 10,000
Gravel, sand	29,400
Hard - packed dirt	58,800
Stone	156,000

Weight per square meter

SAMPLE CALCULATION OF A Building'S WEIGHT PER SQUARE METER

Here is a pace-past-step sample of how the weight of a edifice would exist estimated, following the procedure outlined on pages 202-205.

Assume that the building pictured above is planned to be 7.5 meters long and 2.4 meters loftier along its longest wall; assume likewise that the walls will exist made of 20cm thick sand-cement blocks, and that the roof volition be 8.7 meters long and 3 meters wide, with a pitched blueprint. If the site selected for the building is soft, dark soil that can support 4,900 kg/sq. meter, can the building be constructed every bit planned?

Here are the calculations:

Equation one

Weight per square meter = [ weight of longest wall (kg) + weight of roof supported by longest wall (kg) ] / length of longest wall

STEP one. Enter the length of the longest wall in Equation i:

Equation 1

STEP ii. Calculate the weight of the longest wall.

(a) Use Equation two:

(b) Use Table A, folio 203, to find the wall's weight per foursquare meter for every centimeter of wall thickness.

The edifice's walls volition be made of sand-cement blocks which Table A says weigh 75 kg/aq. meter for every centimeter of wall thickness.

(c) Multiply the figure yous notice in Table A by the thickness of the building'southward walls. The result volition be the weight of 1 square meter of wall. Enter this answer in the correct identify in Equation 2.

The sand-cement blocks that volition exist used volition exist 20cm thick. So a wall made of these blocks will weigh 75 kg/sq. meter x 20cm thick = 1500 kg/foursquare meter.

Entering this answer in Equation 2:

(d) Multiply the length of the longest wall in meters by its height and enter the result in the correct identify in Equation 2.

The longest wall of the edifice volition be seven.5 meters long and 2.4 meters high. vii.5 x 2.4 = eighteen square meters.

Inbound this reply in Equation 2:

(e) Compute the weight of the longest wall based on the figures you have entered in Equation ii in steps 2(c) and 2(d).

1500 kg/sq. meter ten 18 sq. meters = 27,000 kg. Inbound this upshot in Equation i:

Footstep 3. Estimate the weight of the roof supported past the longest wall.

(a) Utilise Equation 3:

Equation three

(b) Utilize Table B. page 204, to discover the estimated weight of the roof per square meter. Enter this effigy in the correct place in Equation 3.

The roof is planned with a pitched roof that Table B says will counterbalance virtually 170 kg/sq. meter.

Entering this reply in Equation 3:

(c) Multiply the length of the roof past its height to find the number of square meters of roof space planned. Enter this effigy In the correct place in Equation three.

The roof is planned to be 3 meters wide and 8.7 meters long. am ten 8.7m = 26.1 foursquare meters.

Entering this reply in Equation iii:

(d) Compute the weight of roof supported by the longest wall using the figures you take entered in Equation three in steps 3(b) and 3(c).

170 kg/sq. meter x 26.i sq. meters = iv,437 kg. Inbound this issue in Equation 1:

Step 4. Calculate the weight of the building per square meter, using the figures you calculated in steps i, 2(east), and 3(c) and Equation 1.

The building volition counterbalance approximately four,191 kg/sq. meter.

Pace 5. Compare the edifice's estimated weight/square meter with the weight-bearing capacity of the soil at the site. Apply Table C, page 205.

According to Table C, the weight-bearing capacity of the soft, dark soil at this site is 4,900 kg/sq. meter. Since this edifice will weigh but four,191 kg/sq. meter, the building can be congenital safely at this site.

To determine whether the soil at any proposed site will support a planned building, all the builder needs to do is substitute the figures for his/her building and site in the step-by-pace equations on pages 202-205, as shown.

Step-by-step directions for drawing foundation plans

Two kinds of drawings are important aids to help the field worker and customs members visualize their foundation plans and check their progress during construction:

• a cross-department view of the footing and foundation wall; and

• a view from above of the ground and foundation wall measurements.

When a community group is ready to begin construction of the foundation, it'due south a good idea to assist them build a small demonstration section of footing and foundation wall that they can employ along with these drawings to cheque their progress. The demonstration section will aid everyone run into what they take planned to practice; at the same time, it will give them practice in the construction techniques and skills they must use on the bodily foundation.

DRAWING A Cross-SECTION VIEW OF THE FOUNDATION

Drawing a cross-section view of the foundation is simple. Hither are examples of a cross-department for a rock foundation and for a block foundation wall. Both drawings show physical footings every bit well:

Rock foundation wall

DRAWING Basis AND FOUNDATION MEASUREMENTS (VIEW FROM ABOVE)

Drawing the foundation measurements as they would await from above is also uncomplicated.

Hither are step-past-step instructions for drawing the foundation measurements of a sample edifice:

one. Draw a solid line representing the exterior dimensions of the walls of the building, This line will as well represent the outside dimensions of the foundation wall.

Outside wall

two. Draw a second solid line inside the starting time one to represent the within dimensions of the edifice's walls. This line will as well represent the inside dimensions of the foundation wall. The space between the two lines should be exactly the width of the planned walls to scale.

The space betwixt the two lines

3. Subtract the width of the wall from the planned width of the foundation footing. Divide the remainder in two and convert the answer into the scale dimension being used in the drawing. This figure represents the distance betwixt the inner side of the wall and the inner side of the foundation footing.

4. Draw a dotted line within the drawing of the walls. This line represents the inner dimension of the ground. The space between it and the inside solid line (step #2) should be exactly the distance calculated in step #three.

Within edge of ground

5. Draw a dotted line outside the cartoon of the walls. This line represents the outer dimension of the footing. The space betwixt it and the exterior solid line (step #ane) should be exactly the distance calculated in stride #3.

With of footing

half dozen. On either side of the drawing'southward length, add together a solid line exactly as long as the longest wall (that is, the longest outer solid line).

vii. On either side of the drawing's width, add a solid line exactly as long as the longest wall (that is, the longest outer solid line).

Length and weight

viii. Place a mark along each line from steps #half dozen-7 wherever the outer wall turns a corner. Indicate the actual length of each straight department of wall.

Place a mark along each line

nine. Outside the lines drawn in steps #6-vii, draw two more solid lines exactly as long every bit the length and width of the outer dotted line. Mark these lines to betoken the actual length of each straight section of foundation footing.

ten. Underneath the completed drawing, write downwards what the footing and foundation wall will exist made of and their cross-department dimensions.

11. The completed cartoon is an actual scale drawing showing the trenches that must be dug for the footing and the dimensions of the foundation walls.

Complet foundation plans

Estimating the amount of physical needed for a floor

To approximate the amount of concrete needed for a floor, apply the following equation and table:

Equation

Tabular array. SUGGESTED THICKNESS OF CONCRETE FLOORS

Purpose of Floor	Thickness (m)
School, Clinic, Business firm	.100
Garage (for vehicles)	.125
Farm storage (heavy equipment)	.150

Stride 1. Notice the thickness of the concrete layer that should be used for your building in the tabular array, Enter this figure in the Equation:

STEP two, Multiply the length of your building by its width to observe out what floor space information technology volition have. Enter this figure in the Equation:

STEP 2. Multiply the length of your building past its width to notice out what floor space it will have. Enter this figure in the Equation:

Cubic meters of concrete needed for flooring = thickness of concrete layer (m) x floor area (sq. meters)

Figure

In cases where the building will not be a simple rectangle, the total flooring surface area can be determined by multiplying the length and width of each dissever room and so calculation the areas of all rooms together.

Sample Calculation:

Floor area Room i	= 2m x 2.0m	= iv.0 sq. k
Floor expanse Room two	= 1m x one.5m	= ane.5 sq. thou
Floor area Room three	= 1m x 1.0m	= 1.0 sq. grand
Total Floor Surface area		= six.5 sq. m

In round buildings, the floor area volition be the radius of the building squared times 3.14. The radius is the distance from the outside of a circumvolve to its center.

Sample Adding:

Floor Expanse	= Radius (2m) x Radius (2m) x 3.xiv
	= iv sq. meters x 3.14
	= 12.56 sq. meters

Adding area

Pace iii. Enter the answers you found in steps 1 and 2 in the Equation and multiply them. The answer will represent the number of cubic meters of concrete that must be purchased or made for the floor.

Sample Calculation (using figures for round clinic shown above)

Cubic meters of physical needed for floor	= thickness of concrete layer (m) � flooring surface area (sq. meters )
	= .10m x 12.56 sq. meters
	= 1.256 cubic meters

Estimating materials needed to build walls

This section gives stride-by-step directions for calculating the materials needed to build three types of wall: poured concrete, rammed earth, and brick/block.

POURED Concrete AND RAMMED EARTH

To make up one's mind how much poured concrete or rammed earth he/she needs, the builder must calculate how many cubic meters of material information technology will take to "fill" the wall space.

Apply the post-obit equation:

Equation .

Cubic meters of material needed for one wall = thickness of wall (meters) � wall area (sq. meters)

Poured concrete / rammed globe class

STEP 1. Decide how thick the wall volition exist (meet page 34 for a discussion of what to consider when planning wall thickness}. Enter this figure in the correct part of the equation.

Pace ii. Calculate the wall expanse in foursquare meters by multiplying the wall'south length past its width.

Footstep 3. Multiply the answers you found in steps 1 and 2. The result will be the cubic meters of concrete or rammed earth you will demand to build that 1 wall.

Footstep 4. Repeat steps i through 3 for each wall of the building.

Footstep five. Add together the cubic meters of concrete or rammed globe needed for all the walls of the building. The result will be the full number of cubic meters of concrete or rammed globe you will need for the building.

Computing Numberless of Cement Needed for a Concrete Wall

Builders who programme to purchase the cement for their concrete need to know how many sacks or numberless of cement to buy. One time you have determined how many cubic meters of concrete you will need, finding the number of bags of cement is easy: merely look the answer upwards in Table 3, in Appendix 4 (page 222). To use the table, outset, find the concrete mixture yous plan to apply. In the instance of walls, the mixture would be one:2 three/4 :4 The table will then tell you how many cubic meters of concrete y'all volition become from one sack of cement. Divide the number of cubic meters of concrete y'all plan to use by the amount you would get from one sack. The answer will be the number of sacks of cement you need to buy.

Calculating Wheelbarrowsful of Rammed Earth or Physical Needed

Many builders want to know how many wheelbarrows full of concrete or rammed earth they must bring to the structure site for wall construction: this information gives them an idea of how much piece of work will be involved.

The number of wheelbarrowsful needed tin can be estimated by following these steps:

• Build a class exactly i cubic meter in size and count how many wheelbarrowsful of rammed earth or physical it takes to fill the course.

• Multiply this number by the total cubic meters of fabric that are needed for construction (from Footstep v, folio 216). Your answer will tell you how many wheelbarrowsful are needed.

BLOCK AND BRICK WALLS

To estimate the number of blocks or bricks needed to build a wall, follow these steps:

STEP 1. Calculate the wall area in foursquare meters past multiplying the wall'south length by its width.

Stride ii. Annotation downwards the nominal size of the block face up. The nominal face of a block is the height and length of the block surface visible in the wall subsequently the block is laid.

Block and brick walls

STEP 3. Use the table below to notice how many blocks or bricks of the size you plan to use are needed to build 1 square meter of wall surface.

Approximate NUMBER OF BLOCKS OR BRICKS REQUIRED TO BUILLD i SQUARE METER WALL SURFACE

Nominal Size of Confront (cm)	Number of Blocks or Bricks Needed
vii,5 x twenty	65
10.0 x xxx	32,5
13.25 x thirty	25
fifteen,0 ten xxx	22
20,0 10 xxx	sixteen,five
fifteen,0 x forty	xvi,v
xx.0 ten 40	12,v
fifteen,0 x 60	xi

Footstep 4. Multiply the number y'all found in the table past the number of square meters of wall surface you found in pace one, The issue will exist the approximative number of blocks or bricks needed to build the wall,

Sample Calculation:

How many blocks would information technology take to build a wall with 17 square meters area using blocks with a nominal face 15cm x 30cm?

The table shows that 22 15cm x 30cm blocks are needed to build 1 foursquare meter of wall area.

17 sq. meters x 22 blocks/sq. meter = 374 blocks

STEP 5. Echo steps i through 4 for each wall of the building and add together the results. The total will stand for the number of blocks or bricks you must buy or brand for the walls.

Notation: Any estimate of the number of blocks/bricks needed for a building's walls arrived at through this method will include actress blocks, since the infinite taken past window and door openings is treated every bit though it were filled in with blocks. Generally information technology is a adept thought to buy or make these extra blocks. This will give you a margin of error for wasted or broken blocks.

Calculating Mortar Quantities

The amount of mortar needed to bail the blocks/bricks for a building depends on the number of blocks/bricks and their size. To summate the amount of mortar needed for lam thick mortar joints, follow these steps:

• Split the number of blocks needed for the building past 100, For example, if the edifice requires 1,536 blocks, 1536 . 100 = 15.36.

• Use the table below to discover the cubic meters of mortar needed to lay 100 blocks. For instance, if the nominal size of the blocks used volition exist 10cm x 20cm 10 40cm, .073 cubic meters of mortar would exist needed to lay every 100 blocks.

• Multiply the answers plant in the higher up steps. For case, if one,536 blocks of nominal size 10cm ten 20cm x 40cm are needed for a building's walls, multiply fifteen.36 ten .073. 15.36 x .073 = 1.12 cubic meters of mortar. Table 7 in Appendix five (page 224) may be used to determine how much cement, lime, and sand you lot will need to make the mortar required for any building.

QUANTITIES OF MORTAR REQUIRED TO LAY 100 BLOCKS/BRICKS (Mortar for Joints 1cm Thick Including 25% Assart for Waste)

Nominal Size of Blocks/Bricks (cm)	Cubic Meters of Mortar
10 x 13,25 x 30	.053
xv x thirteen,25 10 30	.053
20 x 13,25 x 30	.067
10 x 15 x 30	.065
15 x 15 x thirty	.065
twenty x 15 x 30	.070
10 10 20 x xxx	.061
15 x 20 ten 30	.061
20 x xx 10 30	.076
ten x 20 x 40	.073
15 x 20 ten forty	.073
xx x 20 x 40	.092
25 ten 20 x forty	.092
thirty 10 20 x 40	.092
15 x 15 x 60	.092
xx 10 15 x 60	.115
25 x 15 x 60	.115
30 x 15 x 60	.115

Reference tables for physical construction

Tabular array 1

Recommended	Thickness of Concrete Slabs (cm)
Basement floors for dwellings	10
Porch floors	10-12.5
Stock befouled floors	12.5-fifteen
Poultry house floors	10
Hog firm floors	x
Milk house floors	ten
Granary floors	12.5
Implement shed floors	15
Tile flooring bases	6.25

Table two

Quantities of Materials Required to Build One Cubic Meter of Concrete (for Aggregates 2.five Centimeters or Less)

Mixtures	Barrels of Cement	Cubic Meters of Sand	Cubic Meters of Stone
1:1:1�	3.56	.40	.60
one:i:ii	3.23	.36	.73
1:ane:2�	2.90	.33	.81
1:1:3	2.64	.thirty	.89
1:1�:two	3.04	.43	.68
ane:1�:3	ii.44	.42	.84
1:13/4:2	2.75	.54	.62
1:1 three/4:2�	two.64	.51	.67
1: i three/4:2 3/four	two.44	.47	.80
i:2:3	ii.24	.fifty	.77
1:2:iii�	2.07	.48	.83
1:2:4	i.95	.44	.88
1:2:v	ane.73	.39	•97
1 :2�:2�	ii.32	.59	.65
1 :2�:3	2.eighteen	.55	.74
1 :2�:4	i.91	.48	.86
1:two�:five	1.68	.42	.94
one:2�:3	2.xi	.59	.71
1 :two�:3�	1.98	.56	.78
1:2�:four	1.82	.51	.82
1:2�:4�	1.82	.48	.87
one:2�:5	one.62	.46	.91
1:two 3/4 ;4	1.74	.54	.79
i:3:4	1.66	.56	.75
i:3:5	1.49	.51	.84
1:iii:six	1.36	.46	.92

Table iii

Volume of Concrete Construction per Sack of Cement (for Aggregates Not Larger than 2.5

Centimeters)

Physical Mixtures	Cubic Meters of Concrete Per Sack of Cement	Concrete Mixtures	Cubic Meters of Physical Per Sack of Cement
one:1:1�	.07	1:ii�:2�	.ten
one:1:2	.08	1:2�:3	.12
1:1:2�	.09	1:ii�:4	.thirteen
1:i:3	.10	1:2�:5	.xv
ane:one�:2	.08	1:ii�:three	.12
1:1�:3	.10	i:2�:3�	.13
1:1 iii/4:two�	.x	one:2�:iv	.14
ane:1 �:2�	.x	1:2�:4�	.15
1:1 3/four:2 3/4	.10	1:2�:5a	.xv
one:ii:3	.xi	1:2:3/4:4	.fourteen
1:2:iii�	.12	i:iii:four	.fourteen
i:2:four	.thirteen	1:3:5	.17
1:two:v	.14	1:3:6	.18

Table 4

Suitable Mixtures for Various Concrete Construction Projects

	Concrete Mixture
Floors
. One Form	1:1 3/4:4
. Heavy Duty, One Course	1:one:ii
. Farm Buildings	1:2�:3
Foundation Walls and Footings	one:two 3/four:4
Basement Walls	1:ii�:iv
Tanks	i:two:iii
Fence Posts	1:ane:1�
Retaining Walls	1:2:three�
Barnyard Pavements	1:3:v
Lintels	1:2:4
Beam Filling	1:3:4
Silo Pits	1:2�:3
Steps	one:2�:3

TABLE v

Approximate Number of Bricks Required to Build 10 Square Meters of Outside Wall Surface

(Mortar joints ane.25cm thick)

Wall Thickness (cm)	(Nominal) Size of Brick (cm)
	vi.5 x 10 x 20	7.5 10 ten ten twenty	10 x 10 x twenty	v.6 ten nine.iv 10 xx
10	730	650	485	665
xx	1455	1300	970	1330
30	2075	1950	1455	1995
xl	2910	2600	1940	2660

TABLE six

Mortar Required to Lay 1000 Bricks With i.25cm Mortar Joints (10% Allowance for Waste Included)

NOMINAL SIZE OF BRICK: 10cm x 6.5cm x 20cm 10cm ten 7.5cm 10 20cm 10cm x 10cm ten 20m

WALL THICKNESS

10cm*	.32 cu. meters	.33 cu. meters	.36 cu. meters
20cm	.42 cu. meters	.44 cu. meters	.l cu. meters
30cm**	.45 cu. meters	.47 cu. meters	.55 cu. meters

* Figures for 10cm thick walls include mortar for bed and end Joints only.

** Figures for 20cm and 30cm thick walls include bed and end joint mortar plus mortar for the vertical joints needed in double brick walls.

TABLE 7

Materials Required To Make 0,10 Cubic Meters of Mortar

Mortar Mixtures By Book 1 part cement	50kg Sacks of Cement	25kg Sacks of Hydrated Lime or Clay Mortar	Cubic Meters of Sand
� part clay mortar	ix.79	iv.11	0.75
3 parts sand
1 role cement
� part hydrated lime	7.93	1.33	0.64
3 parts sand
one part cement
1 part hydrated lime	iv.23	ii.89	0.69
6 parts sand
1 function masonry cement	eight.73		0.68
three parts sand

Metric measurements used in this transmission and their U.South. equivalents

LENGTH

1 meter (m) = 39.37 inches = 3.28 anxiety = one.31 yards

1 centimeter (cm) = 0.01 meters = 0.3937 inches

1 foot = 0.3048 meters

1 k = 0.9144 meters

1 inch = 2.54 centimeters

AREA

ane foursquare meter = 10.76 square anxiety

(sq. m)

one square foot = 0.3048 sg. Meters = 929 sq. centimeters

Book

1 cubic meter = 1.308 cubic yards

(cu. yard)

one cubic yard = 0.7646 cu. meters

WEIGHT

one kilogram (kg) = 2.2046 pounds

1 pound = 0.4536 kilograms

Sources of further information

Annotation: Wherever possible, the address through which copies of the post-obit sources may exist obtained has been listed. Several manuals are unpublished cloth that may only exist constitute in Peace Corps files. Questions about these materials should be sent to:

Peace Corps

Information Collection & Exchange

806 Connecticut Artery, N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20525

United states

BAMBOO:

i. McClure, F.A., Bamboo every bit a Edifice Fabric. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Foreign Agriculture Service, 1970. Write to:

Dept. of Housing and Urban Affairs

Sectionalisation of International Affairs

Washington, D.C. 20410 Us

2. United Nations Dept. of Economic and Social Affairs. The Apply of Bamboo and Reeds in Building Construction. Publication ST/SOA/113. Refer to sales # Eastward.72.IV.3 and write to:

United Nations Sales Section

New York, New York Us

CONCRETE Construction AND REINFORCED Concrete COLUMNS:

iii. Brann, Donald R. Concrete Work Simplified, Revised Edition, Directions Simplified, Inc., 1971. Write to:

Directions Simplified, Inc.

Easi-Build Blueprint Co., Inc.

529 North State Route

Briarcliff Manor, New York 10510 USA

4. Dalzell, James Ralph and Gilbert Townsend. Concrete Block Construction for Home and Farm. American Technical Guild, Chicago, 1957. Write to:

American Technical Society

5608 Stony Island Avenue

Chicago, Illinois 60637 USA

5. Davies, John Duncan. Structural Concrete. MacMillan and Co., New York, 1964. Write to:

MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc.

Riverside, New Jersey 08075 USA

6. Gibson, J. Herbert. Concrete Pattern and Construction. American Technical Club, Chicago, 1951. Write to same accost as #4 on page 226.

7. Putnam, Robert. Concrete Block Structure, third Edition. American Technical Guild, Chicago, 1973. Write to same accost every bit #4 on page 226.

8. Randall, Frank A. Jr. and William C. Panarese. Concrete Masonry Handbook. Portland Cement Association, 1976. Write to:

Portland Cement Association

Old Orchard Road

Skokie, Illinois 60076 U.s.

9. Waddell, Joseph J. Concrete Structure Handbook, 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill Co., New York, 1974. Write to:

McGraw Hill Book Co.

1221 Artery of the Americas

New York, New York 10036 United states of america

x. Winter, George. Pattern of Physical Structures, 8th Edition. McGraw Hill Co., New York 1972. Write to same address equally #9 above.

FOUNDATIONS AND FOUNDATION DESIGNS:

xi. Brann, Donald R. Forms, Footings, Foundations, Framing. Directions Simplified, Inc., 1974. Write to same accost equally #3, page 226.

12. Carson, Arthur Brinton. Foundation Construction. McGraw Hill Co., New York, 1965. Write to same address as #9 above.

13. Chellis, Robert Dunning. Pile Foundations, 2nd Edition. McGraw Hill Co., New York, 1961. Write to aforementioned address as #9 above.

14. Ulrey, Harry R. Carpenters and Builders Library: Layouts, Foundations, Framing. Theodore Audel & Co., Indiannapolis, 1974. Write to:

Bobb-Merrill Co. Inc.

4300 West 62nd Street

Indiannapolis, Indiana 46268 U.s.

Cake AND BRICK Construction {MASONRY):

15. Boudreau, Eugene H. Making the Adobe Brick. Fifth-Street Press, New York, 1971. Write to:

Bookworks

Random Firm, Inc.

457 Hahn Road

Westminster, Maryland 21157 USA

16. Busch, Lawrence. Construction With Pressed Earth Block (Togo). Peace Corps: write to address on meridian of page 226.

17. Dalzell, J. Ralph. Simplified Masonry Planning and Building. McGraw Loma, New York, 1953. Write to same accost equally #9 above.

xviii. Dixon, Michael. Field Manual for Production of Bricks in a Rural Expanse (Pakistan). Peace Corps: write to address on top of folio 226.

19. Frankly, Lee. The Masonry House: Pace-past-Footstep Construction in Tile and Brick. Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, New York, 1950. No address bachelor.

20. Ray, J. Edgar. Revised by Harold V. Johnson. The Art of Bricklaying. Charles A. Bennett Co., 1971. Write to:

Charles A. Bennett Co., Inc.

809 West Detweiller Drive

Peoria, Illinois 61614 USA

21. U.Southward. Dept. of Agriculture. Building With Adobe and Stabilized World Blocks. Dept. of Agriculture Leaflet No. 2535. Write to U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Independence Avenue, Washington, D.C. N.W. United states

Forest-FRAME Construction:

22. Anderson, Leroy Oscar. How to Build a Wood-Frame Firm. Dover Press, 1973. (Reissue of the revised 1970 Edition of the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Handbook No. 73, originally pulbished past Regime Printing Part under the title of Wood-Frame House Construction.) Write to aforementioned address as #21 above, or to:

Dover Publications, Inc.

180 Varick Streeet

New York, New York 10014 United states

23. Anderson, Leroy Oscar. Low-Cost Woods Homes for Rural America: Construction Manual. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Handbook No. 364. Write to same address as #21 above.

24. Blackburn, Graham. Illustrated Housebuilding. Overlook Press, 1974. Write to:

Overlook Press

c/o Viking Press

625 Madison Avenue

New York, New York 10022 USA

25. Brann, Donald R. How to Build an Addition. Directions Simplified, Inc., 1975. Write to same address as #3, folio 226.

LATRINES:

26. Karlin, Barry. Thailand'southward Water-Seal Privy Program: A Procedural and Technical Review. UsO.One thousand., Korat, Thailand. Write to the Peace Corps at the address on acme of page 226, or to the author at:

American Public Health Association

1015 18th Street, N.W.

Washington, D.C. United states of america

27. Wagner, Edmund G. and J.Due north. Lanoix. Excreta Disposal for Rural Areas and Modest Communities. World Health Organisation, Geneva, 1958. Write to:

Q Corporation

49 Sheridan Avenue

Albany New York, 12210

Organisation AND MANAGEMENT OF SELF-HELP CONSTRUCTION GROUPS:

28. Peace Corps (Jamaica). Manual for Supervising Self-Aid Domicile Structure with Stablilized Earth Blocks. Write to address on pinnacle of folio 226.

29. Warner, Jack R. Handbook of Construction: Peace Corps Grooming Manual. Longmans Green and Co., London. Write to address on top of page 226.

ESTIMATING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND COSTS:.

30. Cooper, F. Edifice Construction Estimating. McGraw Hill Co., 1959. Write to same address equally #9 on page 227.

Full general CONSTRUCTION

31. Alcock, A.E.S. and Richards. How to Build: Setting Out. Longmans Co., London, 1960. Write to:

Longmans, Inc.

xix West 44th Street

Suite 1012

New York, New York 10036 Us

32. East Pakistan (Bangladesh) Public Works. Building Design Manual. Dacca, 1965. Write to address on elevation of page 226.

33. Fullerton, Richard L. Building Construction in Warm Climates, Volumes one and ii. Oxford Tropical Handbooks, Oxford University Press, London, 1967. Write to:

Oxford University Press, Inc.

200 Madison Avenue

New York, New York 10016 USA

34. Intermediate Applied science Group. Intermediate Technology Serial: Manual on Building Construction. Parnell Firm, London. Write to:

Intermediate Technology Group

Parnell House

London, ENGLAND

35. Peace Corps (Togo). Construction Handbook: In-State Preparation. Peace Corps, 1974. Write to address on tiptop of page 226.

36. Ulrey, Harry F. Carpenters and Builders Library: Tools, Steel Square, Joinery. Theodore Audel & Co., Indiannapolis, 1974. Write to aforementioned address as #xiv, page 227.

37. U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, Function of International Affairs. Como Fabricar Una Casa Usanda. Tecnica Ayuda Propia. Government Printing Office, 1974. Write to aforementioned address every bit #1, page 226, or to:

U.S. Government Printing Office

Due north Capitol Street, North.West.

Washington, D.C. USA

''Human measuring pieces'' for designing room size and floor plan

Human measuring pieces
Human measuring pieces - continue 1
Human measuring pieces - continue 2
Planning pieces

hiltonmrseach.blogspot.com

Source: http://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0hdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11----0-1-&cl=CL1.16&d=HASH0120e3be1fcef504939676c2.9.2>=1

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